Identifying Facial Features Using Artificial Neural Networks

Powerline networks provide the consumer with a low cost, convenient option for connectivity solutions. As with phone line networks (and other networks using special wires), no antenna or RF conversion hardware is required, making powerline inherently lower in cost than a wireless solution. Using power lines for a home network provides many connection points for network devices.

The AC power line network is a harsh environment for data communication. Brush motors (found in vacuum cleaners), dimmer switches, fluorescent and halogen lights cause interference on the power line. Many outlets on the network have terminating loads of different impedance.

In this project, the possibilities of using power-lines for digital data communication is going to be explored. The idea is to connect two distant computers over power-line. To implement the idea a working prototype of a communication system will be designed using components generally available in the electronic market.

The Software part of the implementation will be made using Microsoft Visual C++.

Efforts to use to the powerline as a transmission medium were 160 years ago, but high speed transmission over 10 Mbps were archived in the mid 1990s. Before this time, the various types of power lines were assumed to be inherently low data rate transfer media.

There are several Powerline Communication (PLC) protocols. The primary purpose of many of these protocols is not for home networking, but rather for powerline control protocols for home automation, home security, and lighting control.

There are powerline control technologies such as X-10, CEBus, and Lonworks. There are also some preliminary high-speed PLC network devices with limited deployment in Europe, where the interest is primarily on access ("last 100 feet") rather than in-home networks. However, these are expensive and do not enjoy wide use yet; they also must contend with both different regulatory environments and power distribution topologies.

The home network connects to the Internet through a central gateway making the Web accessible at every connection point. Information and peripheral devices can also be shared across the network. Three solutions can be considered for home networking: Ethernet and phone line, wireless, and powerline networks.

Ethernet and phone line solutions provide fast, reliable service but require snaking cable to each connection. Network nodes must be identified and placed during construction of new homes. Considerable renovation is required to retrofit older homes or to place additional nodes.

Wireless networks provide nodes everywhere. They are ideal for hand-held or battery-operated devices, but the addition of RF conversion hardware makes this an inherently costlier solution. Additionally, wireless networks suffer from security concerns and competing standards.

Powerline networking uses power lines existing in the home. Nodes are already available throughout the household, making it a low-cost solution. Each room in a residence possesses one, two, or more outlets.

Any device requiring power will already be attached to the powerline network making it convenient and accessible to low-tech users. Home network users seek three major factors in any solution: ease-of-use, low cost, and ubiquitous node availability. Powerline networking delivers all three. So, while it is true that powerline networking faces some technical hurdles, it remains a compelling choice.

Powerline networks provide the consumer with a low cost, convenient option for connectivity solutions. As with phone line networks (and other networks using special wires), no antennae or RF conversion hardware is required, making powerline inherently lower in cost than a wireless solution. Using power lines for a home network provides many connection points for network devices.

Nearly all homes and offices have multiple power outlets in every room, and power outlets are all connected together through the electrical wiring already installed in the home. Because it requires no new wiring, and the network adds no cost to your electric bill, Powerline networking is the least expensive method of connecting computers in different rooms. With the explosion of the Internet and broadband technology, power lines present a cost-effective, easy-to-adopt home networking solution for consumers around the globe.

We can categorize the applications of powerline communication system in many ways :

Transfer & share files between computers, such as MP3's, digital videos, web media and more.
Share an Internet connection with other computers and electronic equipment in the home
Share peripherals such as printers, scanners and cameras
Connect networks

Home networking is now becoming a high priority for many homeowners and real consumer products are being developed for them. Consider these model applications that are available or under development now.

Simple, web-only Internet appliances can provide email or web access without using a PC. Internetenabled telephone sets add web access and email to voice communications. These devices are portable enough to be moved from room to room and inexpensive enough to permit several such devices in a household.

Internet radio devices stream audio from Internet radio stations or play MP3 files over a home stereo. These products transmit audio from a PC to home stereo speakers or directly to the unit itself. Internet-connected picture frames can store and display digital photos. Digital pictures of the grandkids or a friend's snorkeling trip can be shared over the Internet with any registered picture frame.

Products such as an entertainment terminal provide a complete entertainment gateway for the home. Acting as a hub to centralize the home entertainment experience, an entertainment terminal allows you to surf Internet sites and television channels, digitally record TV programs or play digital music from a single appliance. With the availability of broadband services, the home network could also provide IP (Internet Protocol) telephony services.

Telephone sets in the home that connect to the broadband gateway can access upgraded telephone features such as voice mail, call waiting, or an 800 number. The higher speed provided by a broadband connection enables applications that would be impractical over a standard telephone line, such as offsite file hosting services or video conferencing.

A home entertainment digital audio jukebox can stream audio from the Internet, from locally-networked PCs or from a dedicated audio-video server elsewhere in the house. An audio jukebox can organize and play hundreds of hours of CD-quality digital music. It allows you to save the audio data from a CD in a digital format and store it on an audio server.

Audio management software lets you create playlists from the selection of music available. You can then direct playback of the audio files to any audio receiver on the home network. Video streaming allows video images to be received by any TV or monitor on the network.

A network camera server could stream live video from attached cameras. Security video feed could be directed to a PC or any available monitor. Video images originating from the house could also be transmitted over the Web, allowing you to monitor the home from a remote location. Conversely, video can be streamed from the Internet into the home, such as for pay-per-use movies, television channels or other digital entertainment.

Using power lines for a home network provides many connection points for network devices. The average Indian home provides probably more connection points versus 1 or 2 phone jacks. As most devices will require a power source, the outlet is a convenient connection point. Powerline networks use a single industry standard to ensure that all powerline network devices will be interoperable.

Several factors present technical challenges to using power lines for data communication. This proposal is able to address these challenges through the unique combination of X10, OFDM, signal coding, and error correction techniques.

In the proposed method of data communication over powerline, we take the following assumptions.

For simplicity of design, we assume that there is only two transceivers involved in the communication.

The Proposed idea has been successfully implemented and tested on powerline. A suitable Serial Port Communication software was developed using Microsoft visual C++

Using the powerline network as a data transmission channel does present some technical challenges: multipath distortion effects, noise in the environment, RF interference, and privacy concerns are formidable obstacles. However, the proposed technology is able to manage these concerns with a robust solution that provides reliable data transmission for the simple networking environment. Powerline presents a reliable, low-cost solution for residential networking. This technology can be extended to provides Ethernet-class data networking to support VoIP, QoS, and streaming media applications. Powerline networking turns every AC outlet into a network port. The proposed technology may be well optimized for reliable, high bandwidth network data communication and can also be ported and used in a reliable manner in low speed devices such as the X10 compatible devices.